How to process the Execution of Shallow Foundation Work on construction site


S.N.
      Contents

                    (A)  Introduction


                    (B).     Stages of process of execution of foundation work on site
            1.) Excavations
            2.) Anti –termite treatment
                   a) What is termite 
                   b) What is the purpose of Anti-termite treatment for any structure?
  
                                3) Shuttering
                                4) Polythene Sheet
                                     a)Purposes of polythene sheet
                                5)  Plain  Cement Concrete (P.C.C Bed)

                                6)   R.C.C. Footing
                               7)   Marking Center line.
       
                                8)   Neck Column
                                9)  Concreting
    
                               10)  Bitumen Paint

                   a)Purposes of Bitumen Paint.

(A)Introduction:

Execution of foundation work is quite crucial for structure. Foundation is the initial phase of the construction which receives all the loads from the superstructure. It plays important role to keep the structure safe. In this 
articles of I have included the steps or procedure of foundation work on the site.

(B) Stages of Execution of Foundation work


This stage of the execution of the foundation may differ according to the state and company strategy.

1.Excavations:

Excavation is the preliminary step of construction. Excavation is the process of removing unnecessary   soil mass from its original location. Removed Soil mass is required for back fill or grade fill. Excavation is generally Bulk excavation, trench excavation and pit excavation. Excavation is done as per the engineering report or as per Engineer suggestions.
                                                       Pits of Isolated Footing       

2. .Anti-Termite Treatment

Termite control is the second step of executing the shallow foundation at construction site. After the excavation compaction is done on the foundations surfaces.

a)What is termite?

Termite is renowned as “Silent killer or silent destroyer” because it damages the structure. Termite eats wood, plastics fabric from plants, wallpaper.

Termites or Germs

                                           

b)What is the Purpose of Anti-Termite Treatment for any Structure?

 Termite is the main purposes of providing the anti-termite treatment is to protect the structure from sub terrain termites. Anti termite is in the form of liquid which sprayed on the earth and kept it open to the atmosphere for 24 hours.Anti –termite treatment is sprayed all the side and bottom portion of excavation.

Spraying Anti-termite

3.       Shuttering :

Shuttering is done at all the sides of the foundations for concreting and required shape. Excavations are done at least 1 foot extra from the actual width and length of the foundation because of easy placing and removing of shuttering.

4.       Polythene sheet:

This is the third step of process of execution of work on site. Polythene sheet is laid on the surface of ground after the Anti termite treatment. The size of polythene sheet ranges from 2 mm to 6 mm thick.

a)Purposes of polythene sheet

Polythene sheet is act as damp proof membrane. Polythene sheet helps to control seepage of water into the bottom of the foundation. In initial stage of concrete, the water from the concrete will come out and it will soaked by the ground then it loses it strength and workability.So prevent the concrete property polythene sheet is provided.

5.       Plain cement Concrete (P.C.C. ):

Plain cement is the mixture of cement, sand, and aggregate without reinforcement. In execution of foundation work, the Grade of concrete used is
Grade of concrete   =M 7.5
Proportion of concrete= 1:4:8
1= cement
2= fine aggregate
4 = Coarse aggregate
Amount of water in liter required cement content and water cement ratio. The thickness of PCC is 10 cm.

6.       Implementation of Reinforcement :

In foundation work reinforcement is provided in both the direction .One direction bar is main bar and another direction bar is distribution bar or Binders. This Reinforcement is withstands by the concrete cover blocks
The minimum thickness of cover to main reinforcement shall not be less than 50 mm to surface contact with the earth surface.
                                     Reinforcement laid for the foundation

7.       Marking Center line:

Center line is marked as per structural drawing. Longitudinal Bar is positioned and the development length of the bar is tied with laid reinforcement.

8.       Neck  Column:

Neck column is extended up to the plinth level. It is the portion or parts of the column between the top of the footing to ground beam.

9.       Concreting:

After doing Reinforcement and column extension concreting is done properly.




10.   Bitumen Paint:

After neck column is constructed then bitumen paint is done. It is black color paint and painted over the structure before the back filling of soil.
                                                            Bitumen Paint  

a)Why we provide the Bitumen Paint ?

a)      Bitumen is act as water proofing material and weather protecting.
b)      It imparts strength.
c)       It protects the structure from the corrosion.
d)      It is done all around the structure.


 Related Posts:

11 types of Wall used in the construction and their Silent Features

How to calculate Weinght of RCC hume Pipe in kg / m

Don't Forget to add your valuable comment

How to calculate the weight of Reinforced concrete Hume pipe


Hello Civil Engineers, are you confused that what Hume Pipe is. If you have doubts, this article quite helpful for you. In this article I have explained how to calculate the weight of Reinforced Hume Pipe

What is Lobby,loft,ledge,Porch,patio,canopy in Architectural Drawing



In this article you will know about the basic terminology of Building. This article is quite important so that the fresher students will give more concern about the term used in the architectural drawings. 

Before you go through the articles I recommend you to read "10 terms you should know before reading the floor plan of the Buildings."

Let us know what is Lobby, corridor, ledge,Loft courtyard,canopy,patio,porch and their uses.

1.   Lobby:


A Lobby is space which is inside the building and used for entering into the building. In the most of big complex, cinema, theater, big hotels, apartment etc. lobbies is made and Receptionist is available to welcome the guests and for queries too. Lobby is well decorated and well managed place and have good furniture to stay the people.

2.Corridor:                                                                     


Corridor is the space between two walls of rooms. The main purpose of corridor is for movement of people and another purpose of Corridor is for natural air and sunlight. Small space for Corridor results the difficulty in walking of people. Corridor is also called passage of floor.


3. Ledge:


Ledge is small horizontal surface which is external from the wall of building.

In case Building, Ledge can be defined in two ways. First in terms interior part of building and second one is exterior part. Ledge is provided in both part of the Building but the purpose of both is different.


In case of interior part of part of the building, Ledge is defined as small horizontal surface which is extended from the wall of the buildings. Ledge helps to carry the small stuffs.
 
In case Exterior part of building, Ledge is defined as the small horizontal surfaces which projected externally and used for Finishing work and other purpose.


4. Courtyard:

Courtyard is the building part which is enclosed by the buildings and it is open to the sky. This courtyard is generally takes place inside the building or outside the building .i.e. within the compound wall or boundary wall.
Courtyard is provided for sunlight , meeting, etc. any other purposes.

5. Canopy:

Canopy is building parts terminology which is takes place at entrance gate of the buildings. It is the projections from the wall at entrance point to the building to the lintel level.

6. Loft:

It is one types of slab which is generally takes place at intermediate between two floors. The main purposes of loft Slab is to store the material or stuffs.

Loft slab is caste at the lintel level but in the kitchen, loft slab is genially caste 3’ from the floor level.

7. Mumti:

Mumti is the covering roof of the staircase. It is also called stair cover. Mumti is generally provided for the protection of sunlight, rain, wind, security and other purposes.

8. Porch:


The purpose of porch is for dining,fresh air,meeting etc.

9. patio:

Patio is building component which takes place within the boundary wall.The functions of Patio is similar to courtyard.It is used for meeting,discussion,dining,lunch etc.

I hope you have got clear concept of these building terminology. Don't forget to add comment and share the articles

  

What is Load Bearing, Masonry, Partition, Retaining, Curtain wall?. 11 types of Walls




Wall is defined as the superstructure elements that are built to divides the various rooms of the buildings. It is used for security purposes also. According to their functions wall is either load bearing structure or non load bearing structure. It provides security, privacy and protection against to the temperature rain.

In this articles i have explained the 11 types of wall which is used in modern construction work.I have after reading this article you will familiar with all the basic types of wall.


Following are the types of wall generally used in modern construction:
  
   1. Load Bearing Wall
      2. Partition wall
      3. Brick masonry Wall
      4. Course rubble stone masonry wall
      5. Retaining wall
      6. Curtain wall
      7. Parapet wall
      8. Shear wall
      9. Drop wall
     10.Compound or Boundary wall
     11.Precast wall


Let us explained details of all types of wall 

1. Load Bearing Wall:


This wall is designed to transfer the load from wall to foundation to soil. Suppose the beam and column are not used in the structure then load transfer from slab to wall and walls to foundation. So these types of wall are called as load bearing wall. All the structure rest on this load bearing wall.


Silent Features of Load Bearing Walls:

  a) Minimum thickness of load bearing wall = 200 mm
  b) Slenderness ration should not be more than 27.
  c) Slenderness ration is the ration of effective length or effective height to thickness.

2. Partition Walls:

The Walls which divides the one room to another room is called partition wall.


Salient features of partition walls:

   a) This partition wall rests on floors.

   b) This partition wall doesn't subject the load from floor and roof.

   c)  It carries self weight only.

   d) It requires less materials

   e) These walls are thin as compared to load bearing wall.


3. Masonry wall:

The wall which is constructed with bricks is called as Brick masonry wall.


Silent features of Masonry Walls:

        a) Thickness of wall of 10 or  20 cm

        b) For single brick wall, the thickness wall is 10 cm

        c)  For Double Brick masonry, the thick wall is 20 cm.

        d) Unit weight of  brick is 1900 kg / m3

4. Course rubble stone masonry wall

The wall which is constructed with stones of irregulars sizes and shape is call as Rubble masonry.

Silent Features of Course rubble masonry wall:

       a) In this rubble masonry wall, consumption of mortar is more.

       b) Course rubble masonry is used for the construction of public and residential building.

       c) UN coursed rubble masonry is used for the construction of foundations, compound wall etc.

5.  Retaining Wall

This wall which is retained the soil mass and land sliding after earth work excavation on site.


This wall is made up of concrete blocks, timbers. This wall retained the lateral pressure of soils. Movement of wall signifies the instability of wall.


6.  Curtain Wall

The wall which is constructed with glass, aluminum or steel etc. is called as Curtain Wall. This Wall allows the light into the building. Curtain Wall made with light weight materials and it reduces the construction cost.


7.  Parapet wall

The wall which is constructed on the top roof of the building is called as parapet wall. This wall is constructed for safety purposes. 


Minimum height of parapet wall is 1 m and maximum height of the Wall is 1.5 m.

8. Shear Wall

This Shear wall is generally constructed around the water sump, lift pit or staircase .This Wall is used to to retain the soil. It resist the water pressure, soil pressure and wind pressure.

9.  Non Load Bearing wall or Drop wall

This doesn't bear any kinds of load into the structure. This wall is very thin of having thickness of 1 inch to 2 inches. This wall is constructed with Chicken wire mesh and cement and mortar plaster. In India chicken wire mesh is called as( kabutar  jail).

10. Boundary Wall:

The wall that is constructed around the Built up area with some setback distance is called as Boundary Wall.


Minimum height of the boundary wall is  1 m and maximum height is 1. 5 m.

11. Precast Wall:


The wall which is already made in industry and bring it into the construction site and installed on site.Such type of wall is called as precast wall.

Related Posts



How to Calculate the Weight of Steel Rolled Section / Flat Section in Kg/m

Steel is material which is used for making the steel structure. Rolled steel sections area available in the market in various forms such as Angles Sections, Channel Sections, Beam sections, I- sections, T-sections, square Bars, Plates, Flat rolled steel sections etc.


Here is the table that consist different forms of rolled steel sections and their corresponding weight.

S.No
 Name of Steel Rolled  Section
Weight (kg/m)
1.
                  Angles Sections


                  25 x 25 x 3
   1.1
 
                  25 x 25 x 4
   1.4

                  25 x 25 x 5
   1.8




                   30 x 30 x 4
   1.8
   
    30 x 30 x 5
   2.2

                   40 x 40 x 5
   3. 0

                   40 x 40 x 6
   3.5



2.
                 Beam Section
  

                   ISMB   100
   11.5

                   ISMB   150
   14.9

                   ISMB    200
   25.9





 
3.
                  Channel Sections
  Weight (kg / m)

                   ISMC     75
    6.8

                    MC    100
    9.2

                    MC  125
   12.7

                    MC  150
   16.4

                    MC   175
   19.1

                    MC 200
   25.4



All the section given above table and their weight in kg /m is taken taken from IS – 800.


Procedure to calculate the weight of Rolled Steel Section is:

1.Calculate the Volume of the section. Consider the length 1 m and rest of the data is mentioned above table.

      2. For example in Channel sections

a)      Divide the sections in three parts. Accordingly calculate the volume of these three parts
And add the all these volume.
b)      Take the density of steel 7850 kg / m3.
c)        Weight of section in kg / m is equal to total volume x density of steel.


   How to calculate the weight of flat steel rolled sections

Flat Steel Rolled steel Section are available in the size of the range from  10 x 3 to  300 x 25 mm. The standard length of flat sections is 6 meters.


Let us calculate the Weight of Flat steel rolled section is kg per meter.
Here the size of steel Section is 300 x 20
Where:
             Width (W) = 300 mm
            Thickness (in mm) = 20 mm

So Weight of Flat sections in kg / m = [Width (mm) x thickness (mm)] / 123
Therefore, Weight of flat sections 300 x 20   = (300 x 20) / 123
                                                                             = 48.78 kg/ m.

Following are the ready made table having nominal size ( mm) and their weight in kg / m

S.No
 Nominal Size of Flat Rolled Steel Sections ( mm )
Weight ( kg / m)
   1
       10 x 3
 0.25
2
      13 x 5
0.53
3.
     16  x 8
1.03
4.
      20 x 3
0.48
5.
     20 x 5
0.80
6.
     20 x 10
1.61
7.
     30 x  5
 0.9
8.
     40 x  3
 0.97
9.
    40 x 10
3.22
10.
    50 x  25
10.06
11.
    65  x 25
 13.08

Some other sizes of the flat steel rolled sections are also available in the market.

Related Posts:

How to calculate the quantities of cement, sand aggregates and work for 1 cum concrete work.

How to calculate the quantity of bricks in 1 CFT wall
 





Kategori

Kategori